MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA
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Are measles, mumps or rubella a problem?
Students who live in residence halls and other group settings are at higher
risk for communicable diseases. For this reason, college students
should have received two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Read Immunization Recommendations below.
Now these illnesses are relatively rare in the US,
but before effective vaccines were developed, they resulted in serious illness, lifelong disabilities and death. For example, the last big rubella
epidemic in the US (in 1964) resulted in about 25,000 children with serious complications such as heart defects, deafness, blindness or mental
retardation because their mothers had the disease during pregnancy.
Routine childhood immunizations now protect most individuals, but occasionally outbreaks erupt, and individuals who are not fully immunized are
at risk, either in childhood or as adults. Further, they can expose pregnant women and fetuses to these illnesses. Are you protected? See
Immunization Recommendations.
How are these illnesses alike and different? All these illnesses are respiratory illnesses
caused by viruses that are transmitted by coughing and sneezing and direct contact with respiratory fluids. All can be prevented by an effective
vaccine.
|
Measles
(Rubeola) |
Mumps |
Rubella
(German Measles) |
| Contagious Period |
4 days before to 4 days after rash; highly contagious |
3 days before to about 9 days after symptoms |
1 week before to 1 week after rash; people who have no symptoms
can transmit it |
| Onset of Symptoms |
10-12 days after exposure |
12-25 days after exposure |
Range 14-23 days, average 16-18 days |
| Common Symptoms |
Rash, high fever, cough, runny nose and watery eyes last 1-2
weeks |
Fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite
and swelling of the salivary glands,which causes the cheeks
to swell |
Mild symptoms (slight fever, rash, swelling of neck glands)
last about 3 days in children and young adults |
| Complications |
Diarrhea
Ear infection in 1/10 children
Pneumonia
in 1/20 children
Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
in 1/1,000 children
Seizures
Death in 1/10,000 children |
Meningitis (inflammation of the coverings of the brain and
spinal cord) in 1/10 children
Encephalitis (inflammation
of the brain), which usually goes away without permanent damage
Deafness, usually permanent
Inflammation of the ovaries
and/or breasts
Painful inflammation and swelling of the
testicles in 1/4 adolescent and adult men, which usually goes
away but may cause sterility |
Swelling and aching of joints last 1-2 weeks (especially
in adult women)
Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain),
which usually goes away without permanent damage
Purpura
(temporary bleeding disorder) |
| Complications for Pregnant Women and Their Babies |
Miscarriage
In babies: premature birth and low birth-weight |
Miscarriage |
Miscarriage
In babies: blindness, deafness, heart defects, cataracts, liver
and spleen damage, mental retardation |
Immunization Recommendations
College students and others should be immunized against measles, mumps and rubella.
If you were born after 1956, two doses of a combination measles-mumps-rubella vaccing (MMR) is recommended.
Most people born in or before 1956 were infected with measles, mumps and rubella in childhood and are presumed to be immune.
People born in the 1970's are less likely to have received two doses.
If you are concerned about your immunity, blood tests can be ordered to provide immunity.
MMR vaccine is a live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine. It was first licensed in the combined form in 1971 and contains
the safest and most effective forms of each vaccine.
The vaccine is 75-91% effective, even with two doses.
Side effects of the vaccine are usually mild and include rash, slight fever, mild swelling of salivary glands, aching or swelling joints
(more common in adults). If you become ill within 4 weeks following an immunization, contact your health care provider.
MMR vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women, although it is not known to cause illness. Women who are planning pregnancy should wait
3 months after immunization before getting pregnant.
Avoid immunization:
- When you are ill (e.g. have a fever or don't feel well
- If you have systemic allergic reactions, like trouble breathing, to eggs, chicken protein or the antibiotic neomycin
- Have cancer, leukemia, lymphoma or HIV/AIDS
- Have received gamma globulin (immune globulin) in the past 3 months
For other immunization recommendations for college students, see
Immunization Information.
How to get MMR vaccine at UHS
UHS Allergy, Immunization and Travel Health Clinic provides immunizations for a fee.
If you experience symptoms or may have been exposed:
- Contact your health care provider for advice and/or to have your immunization status evaluated. Diagnosis may require laboratory tests.
- Measles, mumps and rubella cases are tracked to identify and
address outbreaks. Please report such illness to your health care
provider. There are no consequences for individuals for reporting
illnesses, and you may be able to help prevent illness in others
by reporting your own.
- Treatment involves self-care to reduce symptoms; there are no cures for these viral illnesses.
- Stay at home if you are ill to avoid exposing others. In the case of mumps, do not return to school, work or child care for 9 days
after symptoms begin.
If you are sick in a Residence Hall
- It's a good idea to let Housing staff and your parent/s know if you are ill.
- You can ask a friend or Resident Advisor to bring you food from the dining room. See
Dining Services Special Services.
- You may also request hand sanitizers for dry washing of hands in your room, plastic bags for soiled laundry or contaminated materials
and disinfectant to clean contaminated surfaces in your room.
Prevention of respiratory infections
- Avoid close contact with people who are sick
- When you are sick, keep your distance from others and if possible, stay at home.
- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hand) when coughing or sneezing.
- Clean your hands with soap and water or alcohol-based cleaner.
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
You can print a free Cover Your Cough/Clean Your Hands flyer and
post it to remind others how to preven transmission of respiratory infections.
For more information:
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